Death Of The 19th Century - 947 Words

Pentridge Prison, built in the 1850 in the north of Melbourne, housed Victoria’s most infamous criminals, which included; Russell Street Bomber Craig Minogue, 1920’s gangster Squizzy Taylor, Hoddle Street gunman Julian Knight and Mark ‘Chopper’ Reid. Pentridge Prisons history emphasizes the changes in crime, offending and punishment over its period of operation. By the end of the 20th century, Australia was less violent in comparison to the end of the 18th and 19th centuries. Crimes that have reoccurred during this period include, homicides, assault, theft, burglary, rape, kidnapping and drunkenness in public. Graycar (2001) states that â€Å"in the early 20th century, drunkenness was seen as a crime itself and by the end, it was†¦show more content†¦Under s4 of the Abolition of the Death Penalty (1973) it was stated that â€Å"[a] person is not liable to the punishment of death for any offence.’’ The last execution at Pentridge Prison was the hanging on Ronald Ryan in 1967, ‘’the accompanying public protest was enough to ensure that it was the last execution in Australia’s history.’’ (Finnanne 2008). Since the abolition of the Death Penalty, criminals who have committed crimes such as murder were no longer sentenced to the death penalty instead; life imprisonment became the maximum punishment. During 1850 when Pentridge Prison was first opened, hard labour was introduced, prisoners had to provide labour for the construction of Sydney Road. Moreland History (2014) stated â€Å"there was a lot of bluestone in the area so the prisoners could do ‘hard labour’ by breaking up the stone and working on the unmade road.’’ During this time prisoners at Pentridge Prison slept, ate and worked in chains, they were forced to sleep on wooden benches and ate outside standing in all types of weather, for those who broke the rules or refused to work were punished by wearing heavy irons or given solitary confinement on bread and water. Moreland History (2008) further claims ‘’hard labour was introduced in the 19th century to teach prisoners the value of hard work in attempt to deter others from committing a crime.’’ During the 19th century,

What Was the Atlantic Charter Definition and 8 Points

The Atlantic Charter (signed August 14, 1941) was an agreement between the United States and Great Britain that established the vision of Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill for a post-World War II world. One of the interesting aspects of the charter that was signed on August 14, 1941, was that the United States was not even a part of the war at the time. However, Roosevelt felt strongly enough about what the world should be like that he put forth this agreement with Churchill. Fast Facts: The Atlantic Charter Name of Document: The Atlantic CharterDate Signed: August 14, 1941Location of Signing: Newfoundland, CanadaSignatories: Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, followed by the governments in exile of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and the Free French Forces. Additional nations expressed support of the treaty through the United Nations.Purpose of Document: To define the Allies shared ethics and goals for a post-war world.Main Points of the Document: The eight major points of the document focused on territorial rights, freedom of self-determination, economic issues, disarmament, and ethical goals, including freedom of the seas and a determination to work for a world free of want and fear. Context Churchill and Franklin met aboard the  HMS  Prince of Wales  in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland to respond to Germanys successful attacks on Britain, Greece, and Yugoslavia. At the time of the meeting (August 9-10, 1941) Germany had invaded the Soviet Union and was on the verge of attacking Egypt in order to close off the Suez Canal. Churchill and Franklin were also, simultaneously, concerned about Japans intentions in Southeast Asia. Both Churchill and Franklin had their own reasons for wanting to sign a charter. Both hoped that the charter, with its statement of solidarity with the Allies, would sway American opinion toward involvement in the war. In this hope, both were disappointed: Americans continued to reject the idea of joining the war until after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. Eight Points The Atlantic Charter was created to show solidarity between the United States and the United Kingdom in the face of German aggression. It served to improve morale and was actually turned into leaflets, which were airdropped over occupied territories. The eight main points of the charter were very simple: First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other; Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned; Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self-government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them; Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity; Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security; Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want; Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance; Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measure which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments. The points made in the Charter, while they were in fact agreed upon by the signators and others, were both more and less far-reaching than had been hoped for. On the one hand, they included phrases regarding national self-determination, which Churchill knew could be damaging to his British allies; on the other hand, they did not include any formal declaration of American commitment to the war. Impact The charter, while it did not precipitate American involvement in World War II, was a bold step on the part of Great Britain and the United States. The Atlantic Charter was not a formal treaty; instead, it was a statement of shared ethics and intent. Its purpose was, according to the United Nations, to be a message of hope to the occupied countries, and it held out the promise of a world organization based on the enduring verities of international morality. In this, the treaty was successful: it provided Allied forces with moral support while also sending a powerful message to the Axis powers. In addition: The Allied nations agreed to the principles of the Atlantic Charter, thus establishing a commonality of purpose.The Atlantic Charter was a significant first step toward the United Nations.The Atlantic Charter was perceived by the Axis powers as the beginnings of the United States and Great Britain alliance. This had the impact of strengthening the militaristic government in Japan.Though the Atlantic Charter pledged no military support for the war in Europe, it had the impact of signaling the United States as a major player on the world stage. This was a position that the United States would firmly hold after World War II in its efforts to rebuild a war-torn Europe.

The Social Responsibility Of Business Essay - 1959 Words

1.) Do you agree or disagree with the following quotation: â€Å"There is one and only one social responsibility of business—to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say engages in free and open competition, without deception and fraud.† Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize winning economist. In other words, the social responsibility of business is to make a profit. I do not agree with the following quote by Milton Friedman. Engaging in activities that are designed to only increase profits for a company would open doors to complications and mistakes, which is caused by the lack of customer satisfaction. The social responsibility of any business should be to take care of its customers, instead of just focusing on the amount of profit the company is making. If a company decides to just focus on making a profit, it will lose focus on providing customers with products and services that will improve their standard of living. Based off of Archie B. Carroll’s global corporate social responsibility pyramid, doing what is profitable or what is required by global capitalism is the base of the pyramid, whereas being a good global corporate citizen and doing what is desired by global stakeholders is at the top of the pyramid. Though it is important for companies to make the most amount of profit possible, it is also equally crucial for companies to contribute to their society by being a goodShow MoreRelatedThe Social Responsibility Of Business932 Words   |  4 PagesA corporation does do business within a vacuum; rather exist as part of larger collective framework of society, stakeholders and a global business community. I believe that corporations which are profitable, and promote moral and ethical standards are the benchmark of success; additionally, corporations bear a great social responsibility to the society it exists within, an simply working within â€Å"the basic rules of society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom† is not enoughRead MoreBusiness and Social Responsibility1140 Words   |  5 PagesWhen a business gets incorporated regardless of the business size and the nature of profession requires an adequate execution methods for being successful and to achieve its goals. Some of these goals can be short-term or long-term, depends on the nature of business. Likewise, these execution methodologies can be vary time to time as the corporate needs to satisfy different groups of people such as : top hierarchy stakeholders, staffs ,shareholders, and even non-related business groups such as environmentalistsRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business1422 Words   |  6 Pagesthe business be held accountable for these actions? In his essay â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profit† Milton Friedman, powerful economist, discusses what a business should prioritize in the economic system. Friedman declares what a business is responsible for and the guidelines they must follow. Due to Friedman’s view, he would not have condoned the actions and decisions that the executives at Ford Motor Company took. Friedman argues that the only responsibility a businessRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business1042 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility is defined as a business preparation that involves participating in creativities that help society. Friedman: The Social Responsibility of Business is to increase its profits. Milton Friedman argues that the only social responsibility a business has is to itself – mainly to its profits, and therefore, its stakeholders. The business management in charge of a company works for the organization and eventually for the stakeholders. This person is responsible for carryingRead MoreThe Social Responsibility of a Business647 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿The Social Responsibility of Business: The role of business in the society became a major aspect across business after Milton Freedman wrote the most provocative article in 1970. As an economist, Freedman stated that the main purpose of businesses is to generate profits for its shareholders. Furthermore, he argued that companies with responsible attitudes were likely to encounter increased binding constraints unlike those that lacked these attitudes, resulting in them becoming less competitiveRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business787 Words   |  4 Pages The economist and Nobel laureate Milton Friedman’s article published in The New York Times Magazine in 1970 titled, â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits.† (NYTimes, 1970) set tone for companies all across the country and all over the world. Companies start to turn in profits that shattered all charts and stock markets. Beginning in 1960s to 1990s, Capitalism had won the cold war with its arch rival the Soviet Union had withered away into the oblivion and the companiesRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business1437 Words   |  6 Pagesthe business be held accountable for these actions? In his essay â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profit† Milton Friedman, powerful economist, discusses what a business should prioritize in the economic system. Friedman declares what a business is responsible for and the guidelines they must follow. Due to Friedman’s view, he would not have condoned the actio ns and decisions that the executives at Ford Motor Company took. Friedman argues that the only responsibility a businessRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business2053 Words   |  9 Pagesevolution-taking place; now the level of a business social responsibility has become increasingly integrated into modern business practices. This focus has seen both advantages and disadvantages to the business. However, to what extent has the use of the greater focus of a business social responsibility affected its competitive advantage in its marketplace. CSR is described as; â€Å"the principle that companies can and should make a positive contribution to society, of managing the social, environmental and economicRead MoreSocial Responsibility Of A Business1444 Words   |  6 Pagesareas of business and nonprofit management. However, Cohen’s article on social responsibility drew a lot attention from other scholars like Friedman. In view of this, this paper will discuss and define the concept of social responsibility of a business to its workers, stakeholders, and society; how the perspectives align with that of Drucker; comparing Cohen’s opinion with that of Friedman and finally determines which of the two individual’s opinion best aligns with the current business climate promotingRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business1463 Words   |  6 PagesIn his paper titled The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profits†, Milton Friedman addresses the key issue of weighing social responsib ility against profit maximization for shareholders. This conflict is the basis for Friedman’s whole paper, as he explores the two sides of the situation. In order to set up his argument, Friedman lays down a framework by explicitly stating a certain premise. This is that businessman view â€Å"social responsibility† and profit as not being mutually

Arthur Birling and fiancee of Gerald Croft Essay Example For Students

Arthur Birling and fiancee of Gerald Croft Essay Arthur Birling was a very rich man and only seemed to care about his family and how well his business and financial position was progressing. He didnt know any of his workers and didnt want to either, as he quotes I have a couple of hundred workers under me, who keep changing This shows that there was no personal relationship with Arthur or Eva Smith until the strike.  Arthur claims that his workers came back of there holidays very restless and demanded for a pay rise. Of course Arthur denies it, so all the workers hadnt came back. After a few weeks the workers were getting poor so they had to come back and beg for their jobs. Arthur decided to let them come back because he might not want to admit it but he did need them. Because of all this trouble he decided to sack the ringleaders and Eva Smith appeared to be one of them. Eva Smith was out of work now for a couple of months, and was earning no money. She had no savings and her parents were dead so she couldnt ask them for help. Eva had only few friends and they were in no financial position to help her. So I dont think that the events linked between Arthur Birling and Eva Smith are the cause of her death; she is capable of finding another job. Sheila Birling, the daughter of Arthur Birling and fiancee of Gerald Croft understands the effect she had on Eva. One day whilst Sheila was at Milwards a very nice shop, Sheila was experimenting with some hats and she new very well that they didnt suit her much so she asked Miss Francis to show her how they should be worn. Miss Francis asked Eva to put it on and show Sheila how they should be worn. Eva was a very pretty girl and the hat looked beautiful on her so at this point I think that Sheila might have been a bit jealous of Eva. When Sheila was trying the hat on in the mirror it looked quite ridiculous and in the reflection she noticed Eva Smith laughing at her. Sheila was furious and was very rude to Miss Francis and Eva. Sheila went straight to the manager and complained that Eva was being very disrespectful and wanted her fired. She also complained, that if Eva was working in the shop then next time she came in to buy clothes she would walk out immediately and never shop there again, and tell her Mother to close her account with you. It seems a pathetic reason for Eva to be fired, but customers and clients are always right. I think that Sheila was jealous of Eva and to show off her power she got her sacked from her last decent job. All these incidents are adding up and must be very painful for Eva.  Gerald Croft was the fiancee of Sheila and had a large contribution to Eva Smiths death. He had an affair with her and then just abandoned her when he felt like it. This all started when he saw her one night at the Stalls bar in the Palace Theatre. A fat man was harassing Eva, so Gerald started talking to her and found out that she was starved, jobless, penniless and homeless. He insisted that she should stay at his flat in the city because he is never there.

Business and Culture In the U.S. and Japan free essay sample

Compares cultures (individual and society, personal space) and examines the effective American use of Japanese management styles (just-in-time systems, work groups) in General Motors Saturn division. Introduction Japanese management techniques, including just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing and quality circles (QC), have gained much attention in recent years as American companies have focused on improving their profit performance and their competitiveness in the international market. However, it is not possible to simply transport Japanese management approaches without taking into account some of the significant differences between the cultures of Japan and the United States. This research examines some of the critical cultural differences between the two countries and considers how those cultural differences affect business operations in the two nations, and, specifically, within the automotive industry. Key Cultural Aspects Compared Between Japan and the USA One of the greatest

Maratha Empire and Fort Essays

Maratha Empire and Fort Essays Maratha Empire and Fort Essay Maratha Empire and Fort Essay Raigad fort Raigad (Marathi: is a hill fortress situated in the modern day Raigad district of Maharashtra, India. The Maratha king Shivaji made the fort his capital in 1674 when he was crowned King of a Maratha Kingdom which later developed into the Maratha Empire eventually covering majority of modern day India. The fort, which rises 820 metres (2,700 ft) above sea level, is located in the Sahyadri mountain range. There are approximately 1400–1450 steps leading to the fort, though today a rope-way exists to reach the top of the fort. The fort was looted and destroyed by the British upon siege. History Shivaji Maharaj had seized the fort in 1656, then the fortress of Rairi, from the royal house of the Chandrarrao Mores, a junior or Cadet dynasty descended from the ancient Maurya imperial dynasty. The last More king (or raja) was a feudatory of the Sultan of Bijapur. Shivaji renovated and expanded the Fortress of Rairi and renamed it Raigad (the Kings Fort), the name he gave it when he selected it for his capital when he founded the Maratha empire. Rajgad, a hill fortress situated in Raigad District of Maharashtra, India was capital of Shivajis kingdom. Major features The fort was built by Chandrarao Mores in 1030. forts ruins today consist of the queens quarters, consisting of six chambers, with each chamber having its own private restroom with plumbing. The main palace was constructed using wood, of which only the bases of pillars remain. Ruins of three watch towers can be seen directly in front of the palace grounds overlooking an artificial lake called Ganga Sagar Lake created next to the fort. It also has a view of the execution point called Takmak Tok, a cliff from which the sentenced prisoners were thrown to their death. This areas is now fenced off. [1]. The fort also has ruins of the market, and it has such structure that one can shop even while riding or sitting astride a horse. The kings public Durbar has a replica of the original throne that faces the main doorway called the Nagarkhana Darwaja. This enclosure had been acoustically designed to aid hearing from the doorway to the throne. A secondary entrance, called the Mena Darwaja, was supposedly the private entrance of the royal ladies of the fort; it leads to the queens quarters. The erstwhile main entrance to the fort is the imposing Maha Darwaja. The convoy of the king and the king himself used the Palkhi Darwaja. To the right of Palkhi Darwaja, is a row of three dark and deep chambers. Historians believe that these were the granaries for the fort. [2] A statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji is erected in front of the ruins of the main market avenue that eventually leads to the Jagdishwar Mandir and his own Samadhi (tomb) and that of his dog Waghya. [3]

Is WTO a Necessasity for Global Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Is WTO a Necessasity for Global Trade - Essay Example The article takes a deeper look at the WTO (World Trade Organisation) as the sole international organisation that deals with the global trade rules between countries. The main function of WTO is ensuring that global trade flows predictably, smoothly, as well as freely as possible. The organisation can be looked at in several ways. First, it is an organisation, which fosters opening of trade. Second, national governments negotiate agreements on trade through the forum. Thirdly, national governments settle diverse trade disputes through it and finally, it operates a trade rules’ system. Essentially, WTO is an effective place in which the member governments attempt sorting out various trade problems they encounter with each other. The WTO entails a set of rules: the core of the agreements of WTO, which were negotiated as well as signed by majority of the trading nations in the world, forms its basis of operations. The agreements provide the member governments with legal ground-ru les for smooth international commercial activities. The agreements are essentially contracts, which bind national governments to stick to their policies of trade within agreed limits and boundaries. Although the agreements have been negotiated as well as signed by national governments, the objective is helping goods and services’ producers, exporters, as well as the importers to carry out their business operations while permitting governments to meet the environmental and social objectives. (Aaronson 1996). The overriding purpose of WTO system is to aid trade to flow freely so long as it has no undesirable side effects since this is imperative for the overall well-being and economic development. That partly implies removal of obstacles. It also implies ensuring that individuals, governments, and companies know the existing trade rules across the globe as well as giving them confidence there won’t be sudden alterations of the policy. In simple terms, the rules must be p redictable and transparent (Jackson 1994). The WTO has many benefits but there are also some critics to its operations and this forms the basis of this paper. Thus, the paper shall examine the functions of the WTO and its achievements and gauge them against the criticism presented by those opposed to its operations to help in giving a comprehensive conclusion regarding whether the WTO is a necessity for global trade or not. Basic Information about the WTO The WTO is based in Geneva, Switzerland. It began its life on January 1 1995 though its system of trading is about fifty years older. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has since 1948 provided the system with effective rules. GATT was born by the General Agreement as an unofficial, de factor global organisation. This unofficial defector organisation evolved via a number of rounds of negotiations as members tried to compile an effective plan for their operations. The largest and last GATT round, which established the WTO, is the popular Uruguay Round that lasted between 1986 and 1994. While GATT had chiefly dealt with essential trade in goods, WTO and its accords currently, cover the trade in services, as well as in traded designs and creations and inventions (the intellectual property). By 10 February 2011, the body (WTO) had a membership of 153 nations while its budget for 2011 amounted to 196 million Swiss Francs. The head of WTO is Pascal Lamy (the director-general) who leads its 640 secretariat staff (WTO 2012). Functions of WTO The body is run and managed by its member state governments. All the major decisions of WTO are reached upon by its membership either by their delegates or by ambassadors (who meet frequently in Geneva) or ministers (who typically convene a meeting at least once for every two years). While the member states drive it, the WTO cannot function effectively without its Secretariat coordinating its activities (Aaronson 1996).